The biggest problem facing the U.S. military on the modern battlefield is command, control, and communications. Large ground-based communication systems are difficult to move, and signals are limited by the curvature of the earth and terrain features. The obvious solution is airborne command and control aircraft. This role was partially filled by the OV-10 Bronco, but that two-man aircraft was limited, and thus retired by the Air Force and Marine Corps. The Army and Air Force recently developed the E-8C JSTARS for Corps-level operations (below). This is an outstanding aircraft, but extremely expensive to build and fly, and must operate from large airbases. As a result, the Army has just four JSTARS in service, and plans for a dozen will not fill the need for 24-hour coverage for each division in combat.
Modern ground forces need something in between, and the answer is the Navy E-2C Hawkeye airborne surveillance and command-and-control platform. This durable aircraft can operate from aircraft carriers or undeveloped runways. Its economical engines allow up to six hours on station with a crew of five to coordinate naval and artillery fire support, close air support, local air defense, medivacs and combat search and rescue. More importantly, the Hawkeye can provide clear, direct communications to ground forces, and an automatic message relay capability.
The Hawkeye force is keeping pace with changing tactical environments via two major upgrades: the E-2C Group II upgrade, and the Radar Modernization Program (RMP). The most advanced Hawkeye variant, the E-2C Group II which is in production today features: extended radar range (40 percent greater than previous E-2 aircraft); improved overland detection capability; color displays; JTIDS, GPS and voice satellite communications. The next upgrade, the Hawkeye 2000, will install a Mission Computer Upgrade and Cooperative Engagement Capability, enhancing the E-2's capabilities in the multiple threat environment. The Mission Computer Upgrade will improve target detection and tracking, and significantly extend the engagement capability of surface forces. The CEC equipped Hawkeye is the key to early cueing of the shipboard Aegis weapons system, dramatically extending the lethal range of the Standard missile (and possibly Patriot missiles) against airborne low altitude low radar cross section targets. Additionally, the E-2's systems are fully interoperable with the Airborne Warning and Control System and ground- based systems.
The Navy is making the Hawkeye more "ground force friendly" with no support from the Army and Marines. This is a major oversight; each division headquarters should have a squadron of Hawkeyes for 24-hour coverage. Marine grunts often complain about the loss of the OV-10Ds, and these were very limited with only a pilot and one crewman to coordinate support. A specific ground support version of the Hawkeye could be produced with limited modifications. Ideally, a "command seat" would be added so that a Colonel from headquarters intimately familiar with the ground operation can ride along to help coordinate activities and make immediate decisions. More importantly, the crew would consist of soldiers or marines trained to support the grunts below.
The E-2C should not be employed as a ground reconnaissance aircraft due to its slow speed and large radar signature, except in benign areas like Afghanistan. It will normally operate at safe altitudes several miles from enemy forces and avoid the temptation to go forward and look for enemy forces. However, future Hawkeyes may be equipped with signal intelligence equipment to help identify targets from a safe distance with technology proven by the just retired Navy ES-3A. Firefinder counter-battery radar would also be desirable. The Hawkeye airframe is ideal to replace the Army's aging RC-12 and RC-7 intelligence gathering aircraft with a new ES-2, especially since it can land and refuel from aircraft carriers. Finally, everyone should recognize the value of buying some C-2 Greyhound cargo variants (below) of the Hawkeye. The C-2 can operate from carriers to move 10,000lbs of cargo to small dirt airstrips or drop people and supplies by parachute. Ideally, each Army and Marine Corps division will have a command support squadron with six E-2Cs, four (newly designed) ES-2s. and two C-2s.
The Marine Corps should make E-2C procurement its #1 aviation priority to fill the huge hole in its future warfare plans. The Marines want to fly from ships 50 miles offshore and land dozens of miles inland in dispersed and fast moving operations. However, the Marine Corps has no solid plans of how ground forces will communicate with ships "over-the-horizon" to provide logistics and fire support. This concept will need sailors aboard a few E-2C Hawkeyes to coordinate movement. This will prove inadequate as each carrier has only five Hawkeyes whose primary mission will remain fleet defense, and whose sailors have little training in supporting ground forces.
The entire US military establishment is excited about information warfare, information dominance, and fast-paced warfare. Billions of dollars are devoted to improving this capability for permanent bases and ships. However, little money has been spent to link the troops in the field with the bases and ships hundreds of miles away. The E-2C Hawkeye is a proven system which is still in production that can quickly fill this gap, if the U.S. military can muster the courage redirect procurement plans to fix its #1 weakness.
Carlton Meyer
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http://www.g2mil.com/Hawkeye.htm