Fc-1 has US technology - a claim
Defense & Foreign Affairs Daily
November 8, 2004
Advanced Chinese And Pakistani Fighter Utilizes Illegally- Or Accidentally-Transferred Sensitive US Technology
Exclusive. From GIS (Global Information System) Station Beijing and other sources.
The new CF-1/JF-17 Thunder fighter being produced by the Chengdu Aircraft Industry Corporation in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Pakistan Aeronautical Complex (PAC) at Kamra, Pakistan, has achieved performance approaching that of the US Lockheed Martin F-16A Block 15 fighter because of its use of sensitive US technologies, illegally- or accidentally-transferred to China and which enable advanced engine performance and the ability to control advanced, deliberately-unstable aerodynamic design.
The technology was transferred to the PRC during the US Clinton Administration.
The PRC People's Liberation Army-Air Force (PLAAF) plans to deploy up to 200 of the new aircraft starting in 2006, and the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) plans to deploy 150 of the type starting in 2005-06. The CF-1/JF-17 provides both air forces with a significant replacement for MiG-21-generation fighter family (PRC-built equivalents), and equates to the new Indian HAL Tejas PV-1 Light Combat Aircraft which is due to start replacing the Indian Air Force (IAF) MiG-21s.
Some of the sensitive details of the CF-1/JF-17 emerged at the fourth China International Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition in Zhuhai, PRC, in November 2002, and the just-concluded November 1-7, 2004, fifth exhibition at Zhuhai.
The most important US restricted technology in the fighter is the quadruple-redundant fly-by-wire technology and the single-crystal jet engine fan blade technology.
Although not publicly confirmed that US technology was illicitly acquired, the fly-by-wire system used in the fighter was recognized by GIS/Defense & Foreign Affairs sources at Zhuhai as a system conceived and produced by Honeywell, of the US, and cleared by the Clinton Administration for use on civil airliners in the PRC. The technology had originally been on the US Dept. of State Munitions Control List, but, at Commerce Dept. insistence, was reportedly cleared by the Clinton Administration onto the Commerce Control List so that it could be licensed for production in the PRC for civil use.
The single-crystal jet engine fan blade technology, a unique US process, has not been cleared for export as a technology or as a manufacturing process - the finished product is used on exported US jet engines - and is considered a sensitive technology and manufacturing process which is prohibited from export. However, the Russian RD-93 turbofan engine (Kun Lun in PRC designation), an upgrade of RD-33 of the type used in Russian MiG-29 fighters, and used in FC-1/JF-17, is built in China under Russian license, and the Chinese examples illustrated at the Zhuhai show have this single-crystal blade technology.
It is not yet clear whether the technology was transferred from Russia to the PRC (and therefore on to Pakistan), or whether China acquired the technology which would now, presumably, be available to Russia (assuming Russian oversight of the RD-93 license production program in China).
In any event, the FC-1/JF-17 highlights the extent to which sensitive US aerospace technology was lost to the PRC during the Clinton Administration, reinforcing the concerns which the US Congress's Cox Commission1 was reportedly attempting to probe in 1998-99.
As well, the Italian Grifo S-7 fire-control radar, which reportedly has been fitted to the FC-1 prototypes, and which will equip the PAF JF-17s, reportedly has a significant US technology content which was not cleared by the US Government for onward export by Italy to Pakistan.
One Pakistani military officer, reportedly at one-star level, noted on April 18, 2004 : "China has added several features [to the FC-1/JF-17] that were directly reverse-engineered from a US-made F-16 Falcon jet fighter provided to Beijing by Pakistan. The Pakistani F-16, sold to Islamabad during the 1980s, was given to the PLAAF as part of a secret military trade deal between Pakistan and China. In return for the US-made F-16 jet, Pakistan received a deep discount on the purchase of Chinese-made M-11 ballistic missiles. The new Chinese J-10 supersonic fighter is designed to take on and defeat US-built F-16 and F-18 fighters that make up the bulk of American airpower."
The US, meanwhile, is now in the process of deciding on the final terms of the transfer to the Pakistan Air Force of an initial batch of 18 F-16C/D Block 60 combat aircraft, with an additional 60 to follow.
See Defense & Foreign Affairs Daily, October 7, 2004: Pakistan Moves to New Era of Defense Expansion.
Defense & Foreign Affairs Daily, September 28, 2004: Pakistan-US Defense Deals Resume With F-16s, Naval Helicopters and Ships.
The Defense & Foreign Affairs Daily report of October 7, 2004, noted: "[N]ot only is it virtually assured that the PAF variant will be the latest version of the Block 60, but there has been an indication that the US will, in fact, sell Raytheon AIM-120 Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missiles (AMRAAM) to accompany the aircraft. The Pakistan Government essentially told the US that the F-16s needed an over-the-horizon (OTH) AAM to balance the Indian Air Force's (IAF) capability in this regard."
Significantly, however, the issue of the loss of sensitive US technologies is not confined to the PRC and Pakistan. The question of a request by the Indian Navy to acquire six US Lockheed Martin P-3C Orion long-range maritime patrol aircraft (LRMPA) is being discussed in policy circles as though the transfer would be approved, almost as à fait accompli, by the Bush Administration, given the growing cooperation between India and the US. However, the loss to "a third power" - presumably Russia - of some US technologies given earlier to India may well be sufficient for the sale of P-3Cs to the IN to be disallowed.
Certainly, the transfer of the P-3Cs to India is being opposed within the US Defense Department in some areas, and only the fact that US Pres. George W. Bush promised the sale to India could override the objections.
//// ok people someone tell me this news is credible, the US is going to sell F-16 block 60 with its Aim-120, well what the hell is the news article playing at. ideally it would make more sence, since PAF has other options superior and more cost effective then the Block 50s.