Royal New Zealand Air Force

40 deg south

Well-Known Member
A very good analysis RegR.

Just to reinforce to others what you said the thing to remember is building capacity over time. Essentially by taking 3 capability steps over the next 15 years or remainder for the DWP period.

The first stage is the introduction of the light twin based maritime surveillance aircraft (ala B-350ER) that does the short to medium range EEZ role for fisheries, customs et al later this decade (that platform ideally also conducting the DVIP/MEPT/AWO/SAR) - will allow the primary P-3K2 role to concentrate on ISR at the strategic partnership level. It is far more fiscally and operationally cogent to have those capabilities contained within that relatively basic platform than attempting a tactical tarnsport / palletised MPA platform.

The second stage sees the replacement of the P-3K2 with ideally the P-8A in a later block configuration (frankly there is no alternative) - with the final third stage being the UAS platform ideally Triton that broadens both the fixed wing platforms as a force multiplier. Remember the forthcoming investment in WGS is all part of this context.

Cheers MrC
Mr C

I agree with your main points
  • a lower-tier MPA is desirable for EEZ and SAR work, to take load off the high-end fleet
  • this lower tier does not need to be armed
  • the P-8 is the best replacement for the high-end fleet, post 2020
I'm less certain about the view that the lower-tier should be based on a light twin turboprop, which could also fill the MEPT and other associated roles.

If NZ govt is serious about an Andover-type replacement (still an open question, in my view), using that platform as the basis for short-range MPA needs serious consideration. Yes, it would cost more than KIngAir type aircraft. But that has to be weighed up against the increased capability, in terms of sensor fit, range, crew comfort etc. Some light twins have impressive range/endurance on paper, but this is of limited use if the effective range is dictated by crew bladder capacity, or the inability to replace observers after x hours staring out the window.

RNZAF needs to cover a wide range of roles with the minimum number of aircraft types. I'm not convinced that the lightest/cheapest aircraft for each role is necessarily the most cost-effective in the longer term.
 

40 deg south

Well-Known Member
I think that the poor C27J sales are primarily due to the USAF playing politics and axing the platform. If they hadn't axed it you might have seen it having a goodly number of sales. However because the original program was a US Army one it was like a red flag to a bull to the USAF. It is also interesting to watch the developments around the A10 Warthog with accusations that the USAF is trying very hard to avoid CAS.
Ng
Having the biggest customer pull out of a programme, albeit for political rather than technical reasons, is never a good look. However, I think the real reason for slow C27J sales is cost.
Australia Announces Purchase of 10 C-27Js From the U.S. | Defense News | defensenews.com
Australia paid $1.4 billion for 10 aircraft, plus support/ancillary costs and infrastructure. I think that cost paces them uncomfortably close to the C130J price point.

The whole point of a light tactical transport is that they are cheap to buy and run, and can cover off low-end missions not requiring a more expensive aircraft. Without these cost advantages, what is the point?

Hence, the market's preference for the less capable but much cheaper C235/295 over the C27J.
 
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KiwiRob

Well-Known Member
Dumb question of the day, why did Australia buy C-27J's from the US, why didn't they buy direct from the manufacturer Alenia?
 

Volkodav

The Bunker Group
Verified Defense Pro
Primarily to get the US self protection suite that sets the type apart from its competitors.
 

40 deg south

Well-Known Member
Did it have to go thru FMS to get that or could we have bought it off them later?
Good question, I've wondered the same thing - hope someone in the know answers.

Buying through US Foreign Military Sales got Australia the US self-protection suite and secure comms. Also, FMS normally ensures access to a full US pool of spare parts, which is a big attraction. How that will work in this instance with the buy curtailed and aircraft shuffled off to the Coastguard will be interesting to watch.

Anyone could buy a self-protection suite on the open market, not sure if they could get the same one fitted by the US. Specs are here, incidentally.
Australia – C-27J Aircraft and Related Support | The Official Home of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency
 

ADMk2

Just a bloke
Staff member
Verified Defense Pro
Good question, I've wondered the same thing - hope someone in the know answers.

Buying through US Foreign Military Sales got Australia the US self-protection suite and secure comms. Also, FMS normally ensures access to a full US pool of spare parts, which is a big attraction. How that will work in this instance with the buy curtailed and aircraft shuffled off to the Coastguard will be interesting to watch.

Anyone could buy a self-protection suite on the open market, not sure if they could get the same one fitted by the US. Specs are here, incidentally.
Australia – C-27J Aircraft and Related Support | The Official Home of the Defense Security Cooperation Agency
US Special Forces are flying this aircraft as well as the Coast Guard, so support will be available...
 

Reaver

New Member
fisheries/SAR is different to sub hunting and anti-ship as a P8 is to C-295, similar in basic operation but completely different in actual application.
fisheries/SAR will be carried out by the C295 "combi" and ASW/ASuW will be carried out by the C295 MPA. I think there is a lack of knowledge about the Capability of the MPA version of the C295 and a misunderstanding that a number of mission systems are currently utilised on the P-3K2, that is why Airbus are pitching the C295 MPA to the RAF as a Nimrod replacement. There is a great thread on Think Defence about the various MPAs available and discussion on the benefits and weaknesses of each option.

For all those that want P8/Triton I have a couple of questions, how do you fund it? is there enough money in the budget for it? If not what do you give up to fund it? 4 P8s really, how do you manage a SQN where 1 Captain resigns/airframe is U/S you have lost 25% of your Operational Capability, we want more airframes not less to gain flexibility and options.

Yes the C295 could not do a MH370 Operation (unless there was tanker support, MRRT maybe) but honestly in the past 40 years of P3 Ops how many tasks have been in that profile? Is it worth bankrupting the NZDF for a Capabilty that is capable of those 5% of tasks that a C295 MPA could not do?

Would P8/Triton provide a potent force for the NZDF, of course. Is P8/Triton the right answer for the NZDF, for a number of reasons no.
 

Gracie1234

Well-Known Member
I think the C295 would be a good platform for SAR and Fisheries patrol work in a quick change configuration, but i do not think it would be the right fit for what i beleive our tier one requirements are, IMO the P8 is the only option. The role of a tier one platform is not just maritime patrol but has a large ISR output. Another reason is that we are heading into a more unstable erra compared to the end of the cold war. What is happening in the middle east is a great example of how ineffective the world is at resolving different points of view and needs. I am not saying our region is like that but there are tensions and resource depletion and environmental degredation will increase these. I suggest people watch the Chinese documentry under the dome.
I believe there is enough money in the budget. I say that because the govt books are about to go into the black, this gives them options. The NZ economy is very well positioned compared to most. Essentially our markets are closer, Asia, and there is good demand for our core products, our Customers are getting richer and increasing in number as their populations increase. It is not the 80s or 90s where we had to almost give our products away. It would not surprise me if out spend got back to near 2% GDP in 20 years.
Govt has shown that if it wants something to happen it finds the dollars. So really the questions is how effectively can the case be made. What does the capability bring to the table and what situations would require it? What are the risks of not having a capability? What are the impacts.
 

ngatimozart

Super Moderator
Staff member
Verified Defense Pro
The C-295 has an 11 hour endurance - going out to 1000 nautical miles at cruise speed (260 knots) will take 3 hours 50 mins, with the return it would have a roughly give it a roughly 3 and a half hour loiter at that distance - that's pretty damn close in the scheme of things, bearing in mind we are not using exact figures, to your nominal 4 hour requirement.

It could do a 4 hour loiter at 900 nautical miles which is again pretty close.

Cruise Speed and Endurance figures are taken from the Pacific Wings article on the visit of the C-295 a couple of months ago. (Assuming my maths is right - I have so little idea about knots/miles so used an online calculator)
Thanks. A nautical mile is 2000 yards where as a terrestrial mile is 1760 yards. 1 knot is 1 nautical mile per hour. At 260 knots ground speed (not IAS) it would take 4 hours to travel 1000 nautical miles (1040 to be precise) out to the patrol area and another four hours to return home which at eleven hours endurance leaves it three hours for a patrol. That doesn't take into account any weather problems it may encounter on the way out ot way back and there is no margin for safety. Therefore the safety margin reduces your patrol time.
Ng
The whole point of a light tactical transport is that they are cheap to buy and run, and can cover off low-end missions not requiring a more expensive aircraft. Without these cost advantages, what is the point?

Hence, the market's preference for the less capable but much cheaper C235/295 over the C27J.
Fair point and I agree but I feel in our case that cheap has not proven to have been the best and our geography plays a very major part in any capability that we acquire which requires a good operating range from its base. We are not landlocked and we are the most isolated nation in the world. People tend to forget that.
fisheries/SAR will be carried out by the C295 "combi" and ASW/ASuW will be carried out by the C295 MPA. I think there is a lack of knowledge about the Capability of the MPA version of the C295 and a misunderstanding that a number of mission systems are currently utilised on the P-3K2, that is why Airbus are pitching the C295 MPA to the RAF as a Nimrod replacement. There is a great thread on Think Defence about the various MPAs available and discussion on the benefits and weaknesses of each option.

For all those that want P8/Triton I have a couple of questions, how do you fund it? is there enough money in the budget for it? If not what do you give up to fund it? 4 P8s really, how do you manage a SQN where 1 Captain resigns/airframe is U/S you have lost 25% of your Operational Capability, we want more airframes not less to gain flexibility and options.

Yes the C295 could not do a MH370 Operation (unless there was tanker support, MRRT maybe) but honestly in the past 40 years of P3 Ops how many tasks have been in that profile? Is it worth bankrupting the NZDF for a Capabilty that is capable of those 5% of tasks that a C295 MPA could not do?

Would P8/Triton provide a potent force for the NZDF, of course. Is P8/Triton the right answer for the NZDF, for a number of reasons no.
If you do the analysis from a purely financial perspective then your argument would have validity. However there is no financial or operational sense in acquiring a platform that does not meet the capability requirements of the end user, i.e., the customer who in this case is the NZG thru the NZDF. We have had experiences of platforms being acquired for capabilities that did not meet the requirements of those capabilities involving significant subsequent costs to the NZG in extra maintenance, not fit for requirement, lost utilisation etc, high operating costs. Examples exist such as the HMNZS Charles Upham, Frigates Wellington & Southland (ex RN Dido & Bacchante), the Scorpion light tanks, the AerMacchi MB339 trainers.

Look at the larger picture especially the geographical picture of where NZ is located and where the nearest non NZ territory is. Ask yourself these:
  • What tonnage of NZ flagged vessels are NZ exports and imports carried on?
  • What happens to the NZ economy if our Sea Lanes Of Communication (SLOC) are in any way interfered with, or heaven forbid closed.
  • Where are our SLOC?
There how important is the P8 / Triton combi PLUS a good credible RNZN surface combat force to continual good health and wellbeing of the NZ economy? This is the seablindess, that is so highly prevalent in NZ, I am talking about. Kiwis ignore the fact that we are a maritime nation, even though we love the water, we forget that we are so dependent upon the ocean for our economic wellbeing and that the security of the tyranny of distance gave us, 150 years ago, no longer exists. We had enemy ships operating in NZ waters during WW1, enemy ships, submarines and aircraft in WW2, Soviet subs during the cold war up until the late 1980s and recently foreign subs and a foreign navy Q ship (for want of a better term). We are not immune from foreign adventures in our waters or our region of interests.
 
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RegR

Well-Known Member
fisheries/SAR will be carried out by the C295 "combi" and ASW/ASuW will be carried out by the C295 MPA. I think there is a lack of knowledge about the Capability of the MPA version of the C295 and a misunderstanding that a number of mission systems are currently utilised on the P-3K2, that is why Airbus are pitching the C295 MPA to the RAF as a Nimrod replacement. There is a great thread on Think Defence about the various MPAs available and discussion on the benefits and weaknesses of each option.

For all those that want P8/Triton I have a couple of questions, how do you fund it? is there enough money in the budget for it? If not what do you give up to fund it? 4 P8s really, how do you manage a SQN where 1 Captain resigns/airframe is U/S you have lost 25% of your Operational Capability, we want more airframes not less to gain flexibility and options.

Yes the C295 could not do a MH370 Operation (unless there was tanker support, MRRT maybe) but honestly in the past 40 years of P3 Ops how many tasks have been in that profile? Is it worth bankrupting the NZDF for a Capabilty that is capable of those 5% of tasks that a C295 MPA could not do?

Would P8/Triton provide a potent force for the NZDF, of course. Is P8/Triton the right answer for the NZDF, for a number of reasons no.
No doubt the C-295 'MPA' (I still consider MPA in a NZ context maritime patrol aircraft but apparently this changed????) is a good aircraft but is it good enough for what NZ needs from it as a tier1? I still highly doubt the range, sensors, comfort and future growth potential will be as good as a P8 (or P3K2 for that matter) and we don't want close, we need like or better to move forward into the future otherwise we are just stepping backwards.

Yes we will only be able to afford small fleets of such high end equipment (hell we're considering 2 C17 as the backbone of our airlift) but this is why we will have tiers so that the task loading is shared and also more appropriate as not everything will need/justify/require a P8 in attendance. The point of the short/medium range maritime option (same as transport version) is to carry out the smaller localised mundane taskings that take up the big gears hours, operation and capability and free them up for their core taskings therefore they do not need all the bells and whistles of the more expensive gear or even the legs IMO as if need be we can just revert back to the P3s/P8s or C17s/A400s. Still cheaper to operate and maintain whilst also saving vital hours and manpower on the tier1s and also somewhat avoiding overkill on those lesser jobs that still need doing as is currently sometimes the case, one problem with a single fleet type to cover all.

I also seriously hope you do not believe we have one aircrew per airframe do you? The big boys can run that type of operation but we do not/cannot and multi-crew.

The big picture MH370 highlighted was not just nesscessarily the equipment but also reach, ie transit to area (western AU and then search area), time on station actually searching and considerations involved such as onboard gear, crew comfort, performance, safe return window etc etc. These factors transfer to other types of missions and are just as important for their overall success as well also making them easier and safer to acheive.

Yes cost will be a major factor as with any big ticket item but this is an area very important to NZ locally, regionally and internationally that the govt would be unwise to skimp, cutback or try and save money on and I think they know this. It is a hard one as we will obviously get more or less dependant on which path is selected and funding allocated but then same could be said for options and overall capability as well. Their transport counterparts at 40 Sqn are in the same boat with a similar type of consideration.
 

MrConservative

Super Moderator
Staff member
,,, but is it good enough for what NZ needs from it as a tier1?

I also seriously hope you do not believe we have one aircrew per airframe do you? The big boys can run that type of operation but we do not/cannot and multi-crew.
Answer 1: The NZ Govt requires and wants a tier 1 airborne strategic maritime ISR (and warfare*) asset that has fully networked capabilities with the US and Australia.

Answer 2: Quite possibly because Reaver has failed to recognise that his grand plan for 16 x teir 2 MPA/ISR will require well over 30 crews (and has not answered from where and how and why?). That more training aircraft for both 42 and 14 Sqd would be required, has based his costing on no evidence but probably from Deagal press releases and wiki all tapped out on his calculator, fails to understand the policy requirements on current and envisaged output contexts and that his "solution" does not do either, and lastly that a potential NZ Govt P-8 buy next decade is likely to be synergetic with the OZ Govt similar to how air mobility is being approached at the strategic level - in fact more so bcause it is more than just a military asset. It is vital on the intel and political level as well. The funding pathway for four P-8s has been included in defence planning scenarios even before the white paper was released and the improved economy and worsening global security environment only reinforces the neccessity of the NZ Govt to acquire its capabilities.
 

KiwiRob

Well-Known Member
Look at the larger picture especially the geographical picture of where NZ is located and where the nearest non NZ territory is. Ask yourself these:
  • What tonnage of NZ flagged vessels are NZ exports and imports carried on?
  • What happens to the NZ economy if our Sea Lanes Of Communication (SLOC) are in any way interfered with, or heaven forbid closed.
  • Where are our SLOC?
There are hardly any NZ flagged vessels used in any of NZ's import and export trade. A friend of mine way way back's dad was Captain of New Zealand Pacific which I think is still the largest vessel ever under the NZ flag. At the time she was one of the largest container vessels afloat.
 

Reaver

New Member
Quite possibly because Reaver has failed to recognise that his grand plan for 16 x teir 2 MPA/ISR will require well over 30 crews (and has not answered from where and how and why?).
5 SQN currently has 5 "Ops" crews and 1 "Training" crew for 6 airframes i.e. 1 crew per airframe. Both you and RegR seem to think there are multiple CAT qualified P-3K2 aircrew available to take up the slack once someone leaves. So why do you think it would be any different for the P8?

I have already explained that the PERSEX budget will increase by $9M per year to take into account the increase in crews (aiming for 1.5 crews per C295 & 2 crews per C-17).

Please rather than just spout slogans like "the C295 does not have the range, systems etc required by the NZDF that only P8 has" put some details about what range, performance is required, what systems are lacking in the C295, why 4 P8s are better than 16 C295 ISR/MPAs.
 

Reaver

New Member
I still highly doubt the range, sensors, comfort and future growth potential will be as good as a P8 (or P3K2 for that matter) and we don't want close, we need like or better to move forward into the future otherwise we are just stepping backwards.
The C295 has the same Radar as the P-3K2, it has the same EO/IR turrent as the P-3K2, it has a better ASW system than the P-3K2 (comparable with the UWISR upgrade), it has the same data link as the P-3K2, it has the same Comms capability as P-3K2, it has a ES suite "comparable" to the P-3K2. It has a better Torpedo than the P-3K2. It has Harpoon Missile (P-3K2 has no missile). It has self protection (P-3K2 has no self protection).

Please tell me how the P-3K2 is better than a C295 systems wise? How is this a step backwards?

All of these systems are comparable to the P8 but you are right that the P8 (once at full capability) has growth potential and will be the worlds premium MPA platform, I am not debating that. My point is that "quantity", 16 C295s as opposed to 3 P8s (all that the FASC budget will allow) has a "quality" of it own.
 

Reaver

New Member
SH-2G(I) acceptance ceremony

6 March 2015

The New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) officially accepted ownership of the new Seasprite SH-2G(I) helicopters from Kaman Aerospace in a ceremony at Royal New Zealand Air Force Base Auckland this morning.

There are three new Seasprites at Base Auckland and the remaining five will be delivered by September. The new SH-2G(I) replaces the SH-2G model that is presently being used.

Chief of Navy, Rear Admiral Jack Steer said the handover marked a significant milestone for the Defence Force’s maritime aviation capability.

“The Seasprites perform a vital function for the Navy, and enhance the roles of our ships at sea, by undertaking a range of tasks including maritime surveillance, search and rescue, counter-terrorism and utility lift. We’ve operated Seasprites since the 1990s and they have proven to be a great capability for us.

“We deployed a Seasprite on HMNZS TE MANA to the Gulf of Aden in 2014 in support of the multi-national Combined Task Force undertaking anti-piracy activities in the region. The Seasprite flew over 120 hours and was used for surveillance and reconnaissance adding substantial value to the operation. We currently have a Seasprite embarked on HMNZS TE KAHA who is on operational deployment until May and the helicopter is an integral part of this mission,” said Rear Admiral Steer.

Operation of the Seasprites is a joint effort between the Navy and Air Force. Seasprites are flown by Navy personnel and maintained by Air Force engineers and technicians who form No.6 Squadron at Whenuapai.
 

RegR

Well-Known Member
5 SQN currently has 5 "Ops" crews and 1 "Training" crew for 6 airframes i.e. 1 crew per airframe. Both you and RegR seem to think there are multiple CAT qualified P-3K2 aircrew available to take up the slack once someone leaves. So why do you think it would be any different for the P8?

I have already explained that the PERSEX budget will increase by $9M per year to take into account the increase in crews (aiming for 1.5 crews per C295 & 2 crews per C-17).

Please rather than just spout slogans like "the C295 does not have the range, systems etc required by the NZDF that only P8 has" put some details about what range, performance is required, what systems are lacking in the C295, why 4 P8s are better than 16 C295 ISR/MPAs.
An entire flight crew for a P3 is alittle different than your average crew as it also includes the AWOs and extras in the back therefore there is a lot of numbers for a single aircraft (and also salaries to match) and the fact we have 6 P3s means this particular squadron already has a workable amount of crews as keeping all 6 serviceable (both AC and equipment) and in the air at once would be a miracle in itself and there are your spare crews. Those same 6 aircrew complete would cover 4 P8 the same due to better reliability.

As an example from what I remember 40 sqn has (or tries to maintain at least) 6 full C130 crews and 3 B757 crews for their 7 AC and 3 sqn was aiming for 14 full crews to cover the 8 NH90s. Like any military organisation it is hard to attract, train and keep the right people and maintain posted strength.

The minimum standards have already been posted, equivalent or better to current, this is in all areas. It may have 'comparable' systems but as you yourself have stated it would lack in another MH370 type operation therefore IMO that is 'stepping backwards'. Don't get me wrong I love the C295 MPA (I even like the C235 version) and along with a general C295 (or C235) type for airlift would greatly enhance the NZDF and fullfill a niche (tier2) but I'm just not entirely sold on it as our tier1 response for the next 40-50 years. For me it is comparable to saying would I prefer 5 C130s or 6 C295 cargos, advantages and disadvantages either way but not exactly in the same ballpark in vital areas for my liking.
 

40 deg south

Well-Known Member
Answer 1: The NZ Govt requires and wants a tier 1 airborne strategic maritime ISR (and warfare*) asset that has fully networked capabilities with the US and Australia.
I think the question of what maritime surveillance capability NZ wants depends on how you see NZ in relation to the rest of the world. To the current government, they will want to maintain interoperability with traditional allies, and be able to contribute to 'Western' coalition-type operations. With this world view, P-8 is the logical choice.

If your vision is for a more non-aligned New Zealand, a force aimed at fisheries/resource patrol and SAR is probably a better fit, meaning a tier 2 MPA capability is all that is needed.

I have no difficulty in seeing the current government (or a future one with similar world view) digging deep and purchasing P-8. I can't see the same likelihood if the government of the day is a Labour/Green coalition, or something similar.

What MPA replacement we get is likely to depend on who makes up the government about two elections down the track. I can't predict this, and doubt anyone else can either.
 

ngatimozart

Super Moderator
Staff member
Verified Defense Pro
The C295 has the same Radar as the P-3K2, it has the same EO/IR turrent as the P-3K2, it has a better ASW system than the P-3K2 (comparable with the UWISR upgrade), it has the same data link as the P-3K2, it has the same Comms capability as P-3K2, it has a ES suite "comparable" to the P-3K2. It has a better Torpedo than the P-3K2. It has Harpoon Missile (P-3K2 has no missile). It has self protection (P-3K2 has no self protection).

Please tell me how the P-3K2 is better than a C295 systems wise? How is this a step backwards?

All of these systems are comparable to the P8 but you are right that the P8 (once at full capability) has growth potential and will be the worlds premium MPA platform, I am not debating that. My point is that "quantity", 16 C295s as opposed to 3 P8s (all that the FASC budget will allow) has a "quality" of it own.
Simply because they do not have the range full stop. You really miss the point. The weapons and sensors are two different buys and within certain limitations you can mix and match. The limitations being how well you can integrate the weapons with your sensors and fire control systems and how much you want to pay for said integration if it's unique or bespoke. As you well know the NZDF does not have the Harpoon nor is likely too. My own view is that considering that the Harpoon is soon to be replaced, then maybe the Kongsberg JSM for fixed wing airborne use and their NSM for surface vessels would be worth looking at IF the NZG decides to go down that track.
5 SQN currently has 5 "Ops" crews and 1 "Training" crew for 6 airframes i.e. 1 crew per airframe. Both you and RegR seem to think there are multiple CAT qualified P-3K2 aircrew available to take up the slack once someone leaves. So why do you think it would be any different for the P8?

I have already explained that the PERSEX budget will increase by $9M per year to take into account the increase in crews (aiming for 1.5 crews per C295 & 2 crews per C-17).

Please rather than just spout slogans like "the C295 does not have the range, systems etc required by the NZDF that only P8 has" put some details about what range, performance is required, what systems are lacking in the C295, why 4 P8s are better than 16 C295 ISR/MPAs.
You make claims yet supply no sources to back up your claims. How do you know what the strength of 5 Sqn is and if so what right do you have to post said details on an open forum. You state that you KNOW that the C295 will be a far better platform for NZ, YET you exhibit no understanding of what the capability is that it actually is required to meet. We are not "spouting slogans" as you claim but some of us actually do have some understanding and knowledge of what we are talking about. We do realise and understand the costs involved far more than you realise and we are also aware of the political implications which we have discussed here and elsewhere. We also realise that the final call is made on the 9th Floor of the Beehive and if they decide that a particular capability is required, that a particular platform and numbers of such are required and that extra funding may be required, then they will do so. Alternatively, they may decide a different course or action and we understand that too. They make the decisions, not you, not me.

However we can discuss such things and possibilities and the corollary of such discussions is that they be robust and people learn from them. This, it appears, that you are not and the evidence of this, is in your posts and the tone you adopt with people who disagree with you. I have said this much earlier in the proceedings, but you do need to read back right through the thread and see what has been said about this and other things. You will find that this topic has been well and truly discussed before.
 
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