Completely situation dependent. Guns do have a smaller Risk Estimate Distance than bombs and
may also be easier to satisfy ROE / CDE. The rounds are also significantly cheaper than most PGM's.
Mate you are mixing apples and oranges. There are essentially two types of attacks in CAS. BOT (Bomb on Target) and BOT (Bomb on Coordinate). For BOT the aircrew need to be able to see the target (obvs) and the aircrew alone are responsible for where the weapon goes. For BOC you do not - the coords are supplied by the JTAC - but this is only suitable for a IAM/GPS guided munition. Danger Close only implies that the friendlies are inside the Risk Estimate Distance for the weapon. The A10C is perfectly capable of carrying out the same BOC attacks you describe as a B1B. The main difference as you have rightly pointed out previously is obviously in load out and endurance.
Same for all platforms unless you are talking Opposed CAS. There aren't many air forces that would train for opposed CAS, and I cannot recall the last time that a significant amount of opposed CAS was conducted by anybody. I.e. a B52 / B1 will not be conducting opposed CAS either or will require the same SEAD / Air to air protection.
I agree with the confidence statement. But you are confusing PGM's versus Dumb Bombs versus a gun. If a platform is not carrying PGM's these days they are not in the fight. But that alone should not rule out the A10C - it carries the same stuff that the strat and tactical platforms do, as well as the gun. It is as much about having the different tools to crack the different nuts. And in CAS there are many different nuts that pop up, but you don't have the luxury to flex your load out airborne.
Gents IMHO with the A-10C it is still a viable platform, and will be for a number of years, indeed it is doing sterling work in OIR every day. A capes brief for the type can be found here
http://media.jrn.com/documents/A-10C_Capes_Nov_13.pdf Not withstanding the fact that the JSF is significantly more capable in different mission sets, I would be interested in the Cost per flight hour of a JSF vs A10c... It wouldn't surprise me that given the relatively large fleets that the USAF run, and given the amount of CAS that they have been flying in the last 14 years (since 2003) that the A-10C is still economically viable, instead of burning through the hours on the brand new toy.