Understanding how a torpedo works usually helps...
What they do when they go off is to create an explosion under the keel, lifting the ship up with a gas bubble, created from the reaction of the explosion. The gas in the bubble cools quickly, collapses, and escapes, creating a vacuum / void , this is what the ship falls into. The process is a bit like a science experiment, where you try to break a piece of metal by flexing it one way, then the other. The process is obviously much larger than the science experiment but in doing so it fractures the keel, or breaks the ship in half.
So the initial lift helps, but its the vacuum that does the work, along with the weight of the ship, stressing the longitudinal members beyond normal operation, snapping them like twigs.
The issue with the WWII destroyers, cruisers & carriers is the size. the destroyers / pickets would be similar to the HMAS Torrens, so a single fish(torpedo) would be enough. The destroyers might need two in a "tight" spread, so that they are just far enough apart to have both bubbles interact.
The carrier would be different. It's more probable that you'd start by using a batch of night offensives with the Harpoon's, to pick off the the pickets & cruisers, so that it was alone, or only had 2 escorts left.
The Carrier could then be better disabled 1st, by taking out it's rudder or props with x2 fish from the rear.
The hard part would obviously be getting closer enough to do that, then setting up for a large "broadside" of 3 or 4 torpedoes, so that it can be attacked in a "standard" WWII fashion, punching holes along the waterline, letting the carrier list, then sink slowly.
Of course, that's always easier from a sub, than a surface ship....
SA