Re:
If you accept the official Japanese interpretation of the clause in their constitution renouncing war & the means to wage it, which is that it applies to offensive warfare, but not self-defence (the justification for every ship, tank, aircraft & gun owned by the JSDF), then a carrier is permitted, as long as it is for self-defence. Note that the official policy (see below) mentions "
offensive aircraft carriers". Somehow, I doubt that the word 'offensive' got in there by accident.
I. Constitution of Japan and Right of Self-Defense
[edited after I noticed Stevo's comment.
]
The Japanese interpretation is more nuanced than that. The Hatoyama interpretation specifically restricts Japan from having forces beyond self-defense needs.
Article 9 clause 1 also bars the "threat" of war potential. Does anyone here really swallow the argument that aircraft carriers in the JMSDF (fka IJN) does not constitute a threat and is purely for self defence?
If it did not restrict aircraft carriers, why does the Japanese govt persist with naming theirs DDHs? No
koku bokans allowed.
It is precisely that the Japanese know that it breaches the spirit of article 9 (and also the efforts at changing the constitution) that validates article 9 restrictions.
Its not the first time Japan has done the naming trick. Akagi and Kaga were previously classified as
Tokubetse Ilomokan prior to pearl harbour. Nothing new.
Strict interpretation of article 9 prevents Japan from having carriers. Japan's carriers were the symbol of Imperial Japan's military and that would have been the most apt example of article 9 coverage. If the victors of pearl harbour are not the war tools of belligerents, nothing else will ever fall within.
The reality is that "senryoku" and article 9 interpretation has been stretched past its original limits and Japan is already re-militarised. The size of the Japanese military is already far beyond self defense needs and article 9 no longer acts as a de-facto barrier to war potential, just useless de-jure.
The last vestiges of article 9 specifically deal with intent. Article 9 is now interpretated that as long as Japan has no intention of waging war, its rights to maintain an unlimited (ie what the Japanese think is limited) war force is ok. With bush's pre-emptive doctrine, anything even offensive ops can now fall within self-defense.
Once that last illusion of article 9 intent is broken, I don't think their potential enemies will launch a constitutional challenge though.... Let's be frank. As long as the potential enemy does not include the US, there will be tacit approvals, nods and obligatory closed eyes to the breach of article 9.